Category: Accounting & Finance

In case of amalgamation, purchase consideration is the agreed amount which transferee company (Purchasing company) pays to the transferor company (Vendor company) in exchange of the ownership of the transferor company. It may be in form of cash, shares or any other assets as agreed between both the companies.

For example, XYZ Ltd is purchasing the business of ABC Ltd for an agreed amount of INR 5000K and 100K shares of INR 10 each. Here, purchase consideration is INR 6000K (5000000 + 1000000).

Methods of Purchase Consideration:

There are four various methods which can be used in this calculation:

Net asset method –

Purchase consideration is equal to the total net assets of transferor company.

Total agreed amount of asset – Total agreed amount of liabilities

Net payment method –

Payment made to the shareholders of transferor company in form of cash, shares or debentures.

Lump sum method –

Fixed amount paid by the transferee company to the transferor company. Both the companies decide the amount by mutual consent hence no calculation is required in Lump sum method.

Intrinsic value/ Share exchange method –

It is calculated by dividing the net asset value of transferor company by price of one share of transferee company.

The result figure is then divided by number of existing shares of transferor company to find out the ratio.

Intrinsic value – Net asset / Number of equity shares.

Test your knowledge: Take a quiz on purchase consideration

Demerger refers to corporate strategy in which a company splits into more than one entity. Converse to merger, it is done to operate each of the segments smoothly, dissolve one of the segments to raise capital or to focus on core business.

Purpose:

In most of the cases, demerger takes place when management decides to focus on core business activities. Also, it is used as a mechanism to raise capital by selling off one of the parts of entity. It also simplifies the company structure and is used to expand the operation of segmented part(s).

Example:

On 3^rd June 2015, Adani Enterprise demerged its Ports, Power and Transmission businesses in Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited, Adani Power Limited and Adani Transmission Limited. The company took the decision to simplify it’s structure and expand operations.

Share capital is the value of total shares issued by a company and is calculated by multiplying the number of issued shares by the par value of each share.

Shares are small units of ownership which give holders, the ownership rights in a company.

Irrespective of the market value of shares, share cap does not change because this value is calculated on the basis of nominal value of share and not on the market price of shares.

The value of share capital is shown on the balance sheet of a company.

Formula for the calculation of share capital:

Example:

Let’s suppose on 01/04/2017, XYZ Ltd raised an amount of INR 10,00,000 through its initial public offering by issuing 1,00,000 shares of INR 10 each. On 01/10/2017, market value of each share is INR 13.

Share cap of company XYZ ltd on 01/10/2017 = 1,00,000 × 10 = 10,00,000

Market price of shares doesn’t have an impact on total share cap.

Meaning of House Rent Allowance (HRA):

House rent allowance (HRA) is a pay component, employees receive from their employer to pay house related expenditure.

Taxability of HRA:

Every employee in India is entitled to claim HRA exemption if below mentioned conditions are met:

• He/ she lives in a rented house &
• Receives HRA as a pay component.

Exemption on HRA is arrived based on least of following three conditions:

1. Actual HRA received.
2. 40% (non – metro city) or 50% (metro city) of salary.
3. Rent paid in excess of 10% of salary.

Salary here includes Basic salary and DA (If part of pay component)

Example of HRA exemption:

Sunil works in XYZ Ltd. He lives in a rented house in Mumbai for which he pays Rs. 5000 as rent. Following are the pay components of Sunil’s salary:

Basic	10,000
Dearness Allowance	2000
House Rent Allowance	3500
Conveyance	2500
Medical Allowance	900
Special Allowance	1000

 

Calculate the amount of HRA exemption for Sunil.

HRA Exemption for Sunil shall be least of following conditions:

1. Actual HRA received:

3500

2. 50% of salary (Basic + DA) as sunil lives in metro city:

(12,000 x 50)/100 = 6000

3. Rent paid in excess of 10% of salary (Basic + DA):

5000 – 10% (12000) = 3800

So, amount for HRA exemption shall be 3500.

Accounting is totally based on journal entry system. It is very crucial to put any entry at the right side otherwise the results would be fatal. To avoid the entry level mistakes, accountants use three basic rules which are also called ‘golden rules of accounting’.

These 3 golden rules of accounting are as follows:

1. Debit the receiver, credit the giver
2. Debit what comes in, credit what goes out
3. Debit all expenses and losses and credit all income and gains.

Accounting is almost incomplete without these rules.

Relation between golden rules of accounting and types of account:

These rules of accounting are linked with types of accounts used in accounting. Before knowing the relation, it would be better to understand the different types of account.

Types of account:

There are three types of account as follows:

1. Personal account
2. Real account
3. Nominal account

Now it would be easier to under the relationship between these two:

The very first rule i.e. debit the receiver and credit the giver, applies for all personal accounts.

The second rule i.e. debit what comes in and credit what goes out, applies for real accounts.

Last golden rule of accounting i.e. debit all expenses & losses and credit all income & gains, applies for nominal accounts.

Example:

Purchased furniture for 5,000 in cash

Account	Type	Rule
Furniture A/c	Real	Debit what comes in
Cash A/c	Real	Credit what goes out

Journal Entry:

Account	Debit/ Credit	Amount
Furniture A/c	Debit	5000
Cash A/c	Credit	5000

Goods sold for 3,000 on credit to XYZ Ltd

Account	Type	Rule
XYZ Ltd A/c	Personal	Debit the receiver
Sales A/c	Nominal	Credit all income & gains

Journal Entry:

Account	Debit/ Credit	Amount
XYZ Ltd A/c	Debit	3000
Sales A/c	Credit	3000

Electricity bill paid for 800

Account	Type	Rule
Expenses A/c	Nominal	Debit all expenses & losses
Cash A/c	Real	Credit what goes out

Journal Entry:

Account	Debit/ Credit	Amount
Expenses A/c	Debit	800
Cash A/c	Credit	800